SOME AND ANY

SOME	ANY
Use some in positive sentences: I’m going to buy some clothes. There’s some ice in the fridge. We did some exercises.	Use any in negative sentences: I’m not going to buy any clothes. There isn’t any orange juice in the fridge. We did not do any exercise.

·         Any and some in questions

In most questions (but not all) we use any:

Ø  Is there any ice in the fridge?

Ø  Has he got any friends?

Ø  Why didn’t you buy any food?

IS BEING DONE ……. HAS BEEN DONE

PASSIVE VOICE 

·         Is/are being ….(present continuous passive)

Somebody is painting the door. (Active)

Door is being painted the. (Passive)

ü  My car is at the garage.  It is being repaired. (= somebody is repairing it)  

ü  Some new houses are being built opposite the park. (=somebody is building them)

Compare the present continuous and simple present:

ü  The office is being cleaned at the moment. (continuous)

The office is cleaned every day. (Simple)  

IS DONE…. WAS DONE

PASSIVE VOICE

The office is cleaned every day.

The office was cleaned yesterday.

·         Compare active and passive voice:

Somebody cleans the office every day. (Active)

The office is cleaned every day. (Passive)

Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. (Active)

The office was cleaned yesterday. (Passive)

·         The passive is:

Simple present            : am/is/are + v3 (past participle)

Past tense                    : was/were + v3 (past participle)

The past participle of regular verb is –ed (cleaned/damaged, etc)

For a list of irregular past participles (done/built/taken, etc).

ü  Butter is made from milk.

ü  Oranges are important into Britain.

ü  This house was built 100 years ago.

ü  These houses were built 100 years old.

·         Passive + by…..

ü  We were woken up by a loud noise. (= the noise woke us up)

ü  The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876.

ü  My brother was bitten by a dog last week.

Taken from: Essential Grammar in Use

  

QUESTION TAGS

Pernyataan (+),	Tag (-)?
This paper is white	Isn’t it?
Pernyataan (-),	Tag (+)?
You don’t like popcorn	Do you?

	Positive	Negative
With “be”	I’m right, Kajol from India, You were  there, I was late,	Aren’t I? Isn’t she? Weren’t you? Wasn’t I ?
Simple Present	You like music, Pat loves reading,	Don’t you? Doesn’t she?
Simple Past	Tim talked to you, Via went to Bali,	Didn’t he? Didn’t she?
Present Continuous	It’s raining, The girls are going,	Isn’t it? Aren’t they?
With “should”	Jim should leave soon,	Shouldn’t he?
With “there”	There’s chair in your room,	Isn’t there?

	Negative	positive
With “be”	I’m not wrong, Ann isn’t from India, You weren’t there, I wasn’t late,	Am I? Is she? Were you? Was I?
Simple Present	They don’t play tennis, Tom doesn’t know,	Do they? Does he?
Simple Past	The boys didn’t swim, The children didn’t cry,	Did they? Did they?
Present Continuous	Yuda isn’t studying, The dog isn’t sleeping,	Is she? Is it?
With “should”	Lia shouldn’t be angry,	Should she?
With “there”	There aren’t any books in your bag,	Are there?

Article

Article are used to clarify if a noun is specific or if a noun is not specific.
They are used before the nouns or adjective.

Article consist of:

• Indefinite Article 
• Definite Article 

indefinite Article

• A / AN are indefinite article. 
• A / An use with singular nouns . 
• it shows that the noun is general, not specific. 

Article A
A is used when the initial sound of the word is a consonant.
examples:

• A cat 
• A car 
• A pencil 

Article AN
An is used when the initial sound is a vowel.
examples:

• An apple 
• An egg 
• An umbrella 

Expection :

•  An hours 
• A university 

Definite article

• The is a definite article. 
• We use the with a singular or plural pronoun. 
• The shows that the noun is specific,not general. 

example :

 - The flower is very beautiful.
- She plays the piano 

The first time you speak of something use “ a or an “, the next time you repeat that object use “ the “.
For example ;

• I bought a comb and a pencil yesterday. The comb is black and the pencil is red. 

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

žDirect speech is a sentence who is spoken directly by a speaker .

žIndirect speech is when we report what speaker said indirectly .
Look at the example :
Direct  Speech : she said , “ I’m a teacher “.
Iindirect speech : she said that she was a teacher.
From the example :
a.SHe said, told : reporting verb ( introductory verb )
b.SHe was a teacher : reported verb ( the main verb which is reported )

Be careful when you use tell / told and say / said. Told always needs a direct object while saidalways needs an indirect object

“too” and “enough”

 TOO MEANS “ EXCESSIVE” (Berlebihan/ Terlalu)
Example :

• The exam is too difficult. Jim can't complete it. 

     Too difficult = It is impossible for Jim to complete the exam.

• Note : Remember that Too implies a negative result

ENOUGH MEANS  “SUFFICIENT” (cukup)

Example : 

• The exam is enough difficult. Jim can complete it 

Enough difficult = = it is difficult but possible for Jim to complete the exam.

• Note : Remember that Enough implies a positive result

Differences form of “too” and “enough”

Too + Adjactive 

Example :  Wira is too very busy 

Adjective + enough 

Example : Icha is pretty enough.

Too + adjective + infinitive
Example : We are too tired to go to the gym.

Enough + infinitive

Example:  He was sick enough to stay home from work today.

Too much/ many + noun
Example: There are too many apple on the table

Enough + noun
Example:  There was enough food for everybody at the party.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

Auxiliaries verb sometimes called modal auxiliaries. They are helping verb that express a wide range of meaning (ability, permission, necessity, etc.) most of the modals have more than one meaning. They are followed by the simple form of verb, they are followed by to, the main verb never has final –s.
Modals and related verb phrases add meanings to verbs. Below are some of those meanings:
1. Ability/Availability
· future: will be able to
· present: can, am/is/are able to
· past: could, was/were able to

2. Requests
· present/future: can, could, will, would

3. Permission
· future: will be allowed to
· present/future: may, can, could, am/is/are allowed to
· past: could, was/were allowed to

4. Possibility
· present/future: may, might, could
· past: may have, might have, could have

5. Impossibility
· present/future: couldn’t, can’t
· past: couldn’t have

6. Advisability
· present/future: should, ought to, had better
· past: should have, ought to have, had better have

7. Expectation
· present/future: should, ought to
· past: should have, ought to have

8. Necessity
· future: will have to
· present/future: must, have to, has to
· past: had to

9. Lack of Necessity
· future: won’t have to
· present/future: don’t have to, doesn’t have to
· past: didn’t have to

10. Prohibition
· present/future: must not, may not, cannot
· past: could not 

11. Logical Deduction (=Probability)
· present: must, have to, has to
· past: must have, have to have, has to have

PASSIVE VOICE

grThe passive voice is a voice that indicates that the subject is the patient or recipient of the action denoted by the verb.

Form of passive voice

Passive subject + To be + Past participle

Ø  The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

Ø  The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence.

What is the present tense ?

About English | What is the present tense ? | In English or Simple Present Tense Present Tense is used to declare the event or events, activities, activity and so is the case today. Present tense is also used to express a fact, or something that happens over and over again the days NOW. Remember, PRESENT means it is now, now.