SIGN AND SYMPTOM

Sign of a disease is something that a nurse can see or feel for herself. She can observe it. While symptom is something that only the patient knows about it. The patient tells the nurse about it. 

Other common signs are rapid pulse, irregular pulse, pallor, haematemesis, jaundice, dyspnoea, cyanosis, laceration, inflammation, shallow pulse, weight gain, and shallow respiration. Some common symptoms are sharp pain, stomachache, dizziness, hunger, diarrhea, thirst, dypsnoea, constipation, headache, anorexia, and backache. 

WASHING HANDS

  How To Wash Your Hands 

washing hands is very important. because washing hands are the best way to stop germs from spreading. try to think about all of the things we touched today from the telephone, and all of things.
now, come on we wash our hands.

• Wet hands thoroughly all over. 
• Use approximately a dime sized squirt of liquid hand soap. 
• Lather and rub hands together for at least 20 second. 
• Be sure to wash well between fingers and under nails, although using a nail brush is not necessary.
• Rinse hands under running water.
• Turn off faucet with paper towels, then discard towels in garbage can. 
• Using two paper towels, dry hands completely.

Nurse

“To nurse” means “to feed a baby”  to give milk to a child or to take care of to look after the children. To nurse can also mean “to take care for a person during an illness. So a nurse is a person who looks after and feeds babies or young children or a person specially trained to look after sick people.

There are hospital nurses, Red Cross nurses, and nurses who work in an instruction where medical advice and examination may be given such as in clinic

Nowadays, there are people, either men or women, who take u nursing as career. The nursing profession is acknowledged after a certain period   of a special course where they learn medical knowledge and ere trained in taking care of children and the sick.

Hospital nurses are responsible to assist doctors in giving medical treatment to the patients such as measuring blood pressure, giving injection, preparing surgical instruments in operation and caring for patients, who get a serious illness, are in need of great care and full attention. The attendance of nurses in a hospital is essential. Never a single moment should a hospital be in the absence of nurse. And owing to this consideration, most hospitals have the policy of dividing nurses into two groups, doing their duty at different working hours. There are commonly called morning shift, substituting one another in caring for the patients.  

The Kidneys

There are two kidneys in the body, and they are situated on either side of the vertebral column between the thick muscles of the back and abdomen. Each kidney is approximately 10 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 4 cm thick. Each weighs about 140 gm.

The major function of the kidneys is to remove waste products from the body by producing urine. They contain about one million microscopic units called nephrons. Their function is to received and filters all the blood in the body. Once every twelve minutes they remove waste materials from the blood and return useful substances to the circulation. In the way, they enable the blood pressure remain constant.

The process of filtering the blood is as follows: first of all, blood enters the kidney from the renal artery and flows into the glomerulus, small knots of capillaries which act as filter. Fluid the passes into Bowman’s capsule, but the filter does not allow blood cells and large protein molecules to enter the capsule.

As the filtered fluid asses on, 80% of the water and sodium salt in it are removed and returned to the blood. The remaining liquid passes into collecting ducts, where water is again removed. The concentrated urine enters the renal pelvis and finally enters the bladder.

The skin

The entire body is covered by skin, which protects it from injury and bacteria and helps regulate body temperature. 

Skin consists of two main layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is composed of superficial layer which consists of dead cells, and inner layer which consists of living cells. 

The layer of skin below the epidermis is called the dermis. It consists of connective tissues which contain blood vessel, nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles.

The appendages of the skin include the hair and the nails. Each hair consists of a shaft and a root. The shaft is above the surface of the skin but the roof is below. The nails grow from nail beds which are also below surface of the skin.

Healthy Food

A well planned food intake can be your guarantee of all necessary nutrients for health, energy, growth. Everyone can be sure of all the known essentials if the day’s meals include a variety of food planned around “the basic four”. This is pattern, guided with extras added according to individual needs, can be a valuable lifelong guide.

Dairy products. This means mostly milk and cheese. One or more glasses of milk every day for adults and two or more for young people, for protein, calcium, vitamin, and carbohydrates. Some of this may be used in cooking. One ounce of cheese contains as much protein and calcium as two thirds of a glass of milk.

Protein products. Two serving every day for protein, also for iron and some vitamins. One serving should be meat, fish or poultry, and the other serving may be an egg, an ounce of cheese, or a small serving of meat, fish, or poultry.

Cereal products. Enriched bread and cereals or wholegrain products provide energy giving carbohydrates, and also may minerals, vitamins, and proteins. Three to four slices of bread are a good start, but quantities must be varied according to individual needs. One serving of breakfast: cereal, rice, or spaghetti, substitutes for one slice of bread. Vegetables and fruits in daily serving are necessary for the vitamins, minerals, and cellulose supplied by this food. One serving should be citrus (for vitamins C), and at least four times a week, there should be a dark green or yellow vegetable for vitamin A. you can be sure that you have good nutrition if you from good habits and follows “the basic four”.

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system can be divided into upper and lower respirator tracts. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and larynx. Tissues of the nasal and oral cavities and paranasal sinuses warm and moisten incoming air. The pharynx or throat is a muscular tube where the nasal and oral cavities open posteriorly. The epiglottis remains open during breathing, allowing air from the pharynx into the larynx. Air passing through the larynx enters the lower respiratory tract via the trachea. The trachea bifurcates, or splits, into the right and left bronchi. The bronchi enter the lung and continue to bifurcate into smaller segments. The smallest, terminal structures of the respiratory system are the alveolar sacs. The alveoli are tiny air sacs that allow for the re-oxygenation of the blood. 

The Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system consists of organs responsible for producing sex cell, receiving sperm from the male, and providing a site for fertilization and growth of the fetus during pregnancy. Ovaries are the primary sex organs. They are responsible for the production of sex cells called ova. The secondary sex organs include the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The fallopian tubes and uterus are important for fertilization, implantation, and development of the embryo. The vagina receives sperm during intercourse and functions as the birth canal during childbirth. Females also have mammary glands that secrete nourishment after a baby is born.

Menstrual cycle 

The menstrual cycle occur during reproductive period (from puberty through menopause in response to rhythmic variations of hormones). The endometrial lining of the uterus proliferates in preparation for implantation of the fertilized egg and in the absence of pregnancy is shed with some bleeding through the vagina.

Menopause 

Menopause is the gradual interruption and ending of the menstrual cycles associated with the depletion of oocytes in the ovary, and subsequence decline of estrogen levels occurring about 45 to 50 years of age.   

The Heart

The heart is below, muscular organ situated in the front of the chest, between the lungs. Approximately two thirds of its mess is situated to the left of the median plane.

The heart is surrounded by a double membrane which is called pericardium. It contains fluid which lubricates the heart. The heart is divided into a right half and a left half by a wall of tissue. Each half is divided again into an upper and lower comber, so that the heart consists of four chambers.

The upper chambers of the heart are called atria and the lower chambers are called ventricles. The right atrium and the right ventricle are connected by a valve, and so are the left atrium and left ventricle. Another valve is situated between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and a fourth between the left ventricle and the aorta. These are called the semilunar valve because they are shaped like crescent moons. 

Malaria

Malaria is infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes, and it is one of the commonest causes of sickness and death in the world. If an infected mosquito bites a person, minute parasites (protozoon) are injected into his bloodstream, where they multiply rapidly. As the parasites multiply, they destroy the red cells of the blood, and the victim suffers an attack are headache and anaemia.
If the disease is untreated, most patients will recover after a dozen attacks. But if there are complications, malaria may lead to death from the loss of blood cells and exhaustion from repeated infection.
There are many drugs for treating malaria, all of which are very effective. Quinine used to be the standard cure but now synthetic drugs, such as primaquine and choloroquin are used.
Malaria can be prevented. Firstly, if every case could be treated, mosquitoes could not be infected, and their bites would be harmless. Secondly, mosquitoes may be killed by insecticides.. Thirdly, a person who is exposed to the infection may protect himself by taking small doses of an anti-malaria drugs regularly.

EATING FOR ENERGY

Many professional sports terms have recently added a new member to their organization –a nutritionist. That’s because athletes have become aware that food affects performance. You don’t have to be an athlete to notice this effect. If you’ve ever skipped breakfast and then tired to clean the house, you know that you need food foe energy. Here are some tips about eating to increase your physical performance.

• Eat enough food. Your body needs a certain number of calories each day. If you’re too thin, you’ll often feel tired and you’ll be more likely to get sick. 
• Read the labels on food products. This information will tell you how nutritious the foods are. 
• Avoid eating foods that are high in simple carbohydrates, that is, sugars. A chocolate bar will fist give you energy, but then it will leave you feeling even more tired.
•  Eat a balance died, one that includes complex carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Use the food pyramid to help you decide how much to eat of each type of food. Complex carbohydrates provide the body with “fuel”. They are the found in fruits and vegetables, and in bread, rice, pasta, and other foods made from grains. The body uses. Protein to build muscles, and it uses fat to absorb the vitamins in food. Protein and fat are found in foods like milk, cheese, meat, fish, and eggs. Too much fat, however, can be harmful.