THE PAPER BAG

The brown paper bag has just become a hundred year old, and we should celebrate.

That paper grocery bag is a symbol of many good things. We can bring it home from the food store full of meat and vegetables, and it becomes an image of prosperity; it brings thoughts of shiny apples, dry cereal, and clean, warm kitchens-America. When, we fold the bag flat and store it under the kitchen sink it becomes an image of thrift, of saving everything to use again.

Years ago, paper bags were made by hand by boys working for grocers. In 1851, a Pennsylvania school teacher invented a machine to make the bags, but his bags did not stand upright and could not be folded and stored flat. Then the first modern bag was produced; it had a flat rectangular bottom and pleated sides. And in 1910, manufactures began producing bags from a tough new kind of paper called Kraft (a German word meaning “strength”).

Analytical Exposition Text

The purpose of analytical exposition text is to analyze a topic and to persuade the reader that a certain thesis/opinion is correct by developing an argument to support it. Arguments are ordered according to the writer’s choice, usually according to criteria of strong and weak arguments. Text book and academic journal are example of this text.

Generic structure:

1. Thesis (opinion/point of view): introduce a topic and indicates the writer’s position: outline the main idea arguments to be presented. 
2.  Arguments (with supporting evidence): it consists of point (state the main argument) and elaboration (develops and supports each point of argument) 
3.  Reiteration (conclusion): restate the writer’s position

Language futures:

1.  General noun 
2. Abstract noun. 
3. Technical word 
4. Relating verb 
5.  Action verb 
6. Thinking verb 
7.  Modal verb 
8.  Adverb 
9.  Connectives 
10. The use of presents tense 
11. The use of compound and complex sentences

THE DRUG OFFENSIVE

In 1084, twenty thousand people die as a result of drug abuse. Drugs account for an incredible thirty-two percent of deaths, roughly between the ages of fifteen and   thirty five. These statistics show that Australia is developing a drug problem and this problem is steadily increasing. Drugs are taking over many young Australia’s live and can lead indirectly to theft and corruption.

 Drugs abuse is a serious issue which must not be ignored. Before we can take action, however, there are certain facts involved with drug abuse that must be notice. Drugs abuse is term used to describe the extremely harmful and deliberate intake of illegal and dangerous drugs. Such drugs include hallucinogens; heroin, cocaine, marijuana, and cannabis have incredible devastating effect on people when consumed. Certain brain cell may be damaged when overpowering amount of addictive drugs are taken, resulting in deteriorated physical, and mental alertness. An example of this is the fact that many past drug addicts are this ugly, why are so many young Australians finding drugs so inviting? The answer sounds serious, yet extremely common amongst all young people fear, pressure and stress. Fear of not being accepted, of lives not heading in a satisfying direction, pressure from peers, work, the outside world and its commitment, and therefore the buildup of stress that stays in the conscience and burdens the mind.  

Young people need to escape from their problems and drugs offer the fastest release. Here is where the problem of drug abuse must be stepped. It is extremely hard to catch drug “pushers” before they sell illegal drugs, so other approaches must be taken.     

Taken from: Written genre in the secondary school.  

DAMON AND PHINTIAS

There was once two best friends named Damon and Phinitias. They lived in Syracuse, Sicily in the 4^th  century BC. They were Philosophers of Pythagorean School.  

One day, phinitias was sentence to death by Dionysius the younger, the ruler of the city, for plotting against his rule. Phinitias then begged for permission to go home to finish his private affairs before he is executed. Dionysius of course refused his request. Phinitias felt very sad and hopeless. But then, Damon came to Dionysius and begged to grant phinitias’s request. Damon loyalty offer to replace phinitias while he is gone. Hi is willing to take phinitias place in place prison. Dionysius then agreed and greeted their request. 

Phinitias was very happy and thankful for his friend’s sacrifice. He promised Damon that he will returned as soon as possible. He started home as fast as he can. Days gone by and Damon waited very patiently in jail. But until the day before his execution, phinitias had not returned. And on his execution day phinitias still had not returned. Damon knew that he had to take phinitias’s place and get executed if phinitias did not show up.

WHAT IS HORTATORY EXPOSITION?

The purpose of hortatory exposition text is to argue a case or against a particular position or point of view and it purposes a suggestion at the end of argumentation.

Generis structure:  

• The general statement / thesis is the parts of topic discussed 
• Arguments that usually it is based on the criteria of weak and strong arguments.
• Suggestion/recommendation is contains what should or should not happen

Language futures:

•   The use of emotive words(e.g. worried, afraid, alarmed, etc) 
• The use of words that qualify the statements (usual, probably) 
• The use of words that link arguments ( firstly, however, therefore) 
• The use of compound and complex sentence 
• The use of modals and adverbs ( may, should, must) 
• The use of subjunctive opinions using pronouns I and we.

EXPRESSING ANGER

Expressing Anger: Expressing a strong feeling which makes you want to hurt someone or be unpleasant because of something unfair or hurtful that has happened. 




this is some expression that can be used: 

Asking if someone is angry	Expressing anger
What’s the matter?	Well, I’ve never been so insulted in my life.
What do you look so insulted about?	I’m extremely unhappy about this.
Did I insult you?	I’m not pleased at all.
Are you angry about something?	I can’t stand ….
Are you angry with me?	What displeasure!
What are you so angry about?	You’re getting me angry.
What happened?	You burn me up.

EXPRESSING EMBARRASSMENT

Expressing embarrassment is expressing feeling of being worries and ashamed. There are some expression that can be used in expressing embarrassment, they are: 

EXPRESSING EMBARRASSMENT

What an embarrassment!

I must say that it’s an embarrassment.

That’s a real embarrassment.

What a shame.

It’s my embarrassment to ….

I was so ashamed.

It really makes me ashamed.

Tell me it never happened.

How embarrassing.

Giving advice

In doing her duty a nurse usually gives some advice to the patients. In that case you should give special attention to a number of problem situation and suggested language from which are appropriate to those situations.

Useful Expression:
Ø I’d like t suggest you that ….
Saya ingin menyarankan anda bahwa ……


Ø Why don’t you …. Mr. Brown.
Bagaimana kalau anda …. Tuan brown


Ø It’s better for you to ….
Sebaiknya anda ….


Ø My suggestion is ….
Saran saya adalah …..

Ø I think you should …
Saya fikir anda sebaiknya ….


Ø I suggest you to ….
Saya sarankan anda untuk …..


Ø The best way to do is ….
Jalan yang terbaik adalah ….


Ø If you ask my advice, you have to ….
Jika anda minta nasehat anda, anda harus …


Ø You should ….
Seharusnya anda …

WHAT IS ADVERB ?

Adverbs are words which to describe, verb, adjectives, and other adverbs.

TYPES of ADVERBS
1.Adverbs of place
2.Adverbs of time
3.Adverbs of manner
4.Adverbs of degree
5.Adverbs of frequency
6.adverbs of certainty

THE TYPES OF ADVERBS . USUALLY, THESE ADVERBS ARE USED :

• ADVERBS OF PLACE                 :  Preposition : in, at, behind, under, here, there. 
• ADVERBS OF TIME                    :  Now, soon, yesterday, tomorrow, tonight, etc. 
• ADVERBS OF MANNER            :  Hard, carefully, fast, better, late, well, etc. 
• ADVERBS OF DEGREE              :  Almost, quite, too, very, fully, extremely, etc. 
• ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY     :  Always, sometimes, never, ever, often,seldom, and usually.
• ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY       :  Surely, definitely, obviously, evidently, clearly. 

AGRICULTURE

Nowadays, many people have realized that agriculture is much more important than as the supporting tools in economic developments. In Indonesia, agricultural should be the priority of development because of some good reason. First of all, the agriculture’s contribution in the beginning of the development is highest among the other sectors. At present, almost half of total Indonesia labors are working in agriculture sector, but the contribution of agriculture sector does not reach 30 percent.

Second, agriculture sector is expected to fulfill the need of food in a country. As the number of population increase in an alarming rate each year, food supply must also increase. But in development countries, food production and agriculture production per capita never increase more than one percent each year, and in some extreme case, it even stagnant.

Last but not least, without agricultural development, the growth of industrial will be hampered because the growth that comes from industry will bring a wider gap into the internal economy in that country. In turn, this gap will create serious poverty problems, wider inequality of incomes distribution, and increase unemployment. Based on the above discussion, it is obvious that the government should put agriculture as the priority of national development.

Taken from: interlanguge 

SCHOOL UNIFORM, ANOTHER GOOD LESSON

School uniform is special clothes worn by all students of a particular school. The uniform of a school may different from another. Why should schools use uniform? Below are some reasons. First of all, Notre Dame’s Department of Sociology produced a study in 1998 concerning school uniforms. Their findings use 10^th grades students showed that uniforms have no direct effect on “substance abuse, behavioral problems or attendance.”

Secondly, uniform helps to create a strong sense school ethos and sense of belonging to a particular community. As such it promotes discipline and helps to drive up academic standards, which is why a uniform is often adopted by school which are being reopened with a fresh start after being classified as failing.

Finally, uniform acts as a social leveler, under which all students are equal in the eyes of the school and of each other. In institutions without uniform students are often competitive and worry endlessly about their appearance and the clothes they should wear. Pupils without expensive designer clothes and trainers may be singled out as social. Outcast, or stigmatized as being from poor backgrounds. For these reason many parents prefer uniforms as they save them money on buying clothes for school wear.

Considering the findings, schools should implement the uniforms as their identity. The government should also publish some kind of rule which makes uniforms compulsory for schools.

Taken from: interlanguage

ON SCHOOL DISCIPLINE

Being on time is a beautiful social ethic and one of great importance, as if creates efficiency in system and implies respect for one another. However, it is one of many values that school must inculcate into its students over time. Discipline is not something that must be slapped onto a child like handcuffs. Inner discipline, one that comes from within due to an understanding of the set rules and regulations, is the highest from behavior. Most excellent schools try to instill this with a loving environment. Why, even adults arrive late to meeting, work, etc-admittedly shamefaced. Here, we are talking about children. Latecomers should not be out. They can be given warnings, most of which are enough to make them want to reach school on time. If this fails, talk to the parents. By closing its gates, the school is behaving cruelly and coldly-treatment to which we prepare not to expose our children.

Every school has a responsibility to implement education concept in the appropriate context, not just those school that follow international standard and are generally unaffordable for the majority. Good schools create competitive students who can organize themselves effectively in society so that everyone gets a quality life as a result of ethics and values imbibed into students for as long as 12 years. Children are precious, and are dependent on adults for guidance and we must not take advantages of this. Understanding   them is the key, and to the end, both parents and schools must work hand in hand without playing the blame game.

Taken from: the Jakarta post, October 30, 2003

ALI BABA AND THE FORTY THIEVES

Ali Baba was such a poor man that he had only one shoe for his two feet. Even the mice in his house were hungry.

One day, his wife said “we have no food in the house. No rice, no potatoes. Go and collect leaves in the forest so that I can make a soup. “Ali was lazy man. He looked for leaves for about ten minutes and then he climbed a tree to sleep. He was afraid of wolves. When, he woke up, he was surprised to see forty thieves on forty horses. They stopped in the front a big rock. “Open sesame!” shouted the leader. A door on the rock opened. The thieves carried sacks full of gold into the cave. When they had finished, the leader shouted. “Close Sesame!” and the door closed.

WHY DOES THE COCK EAT THE MILLIPEDE?

Long ago the cock had a pair of beautiful horns on his head. But at that time there was a dragon who was prevented from ascending into heaven because he lacked a pair of horns. And so he offered the millipede as a guarantor, and borrowed the horns from the cock!

When the millipede came for the horns, he said to the cock:”when you want your horns back, you must call out at dawn: ‘give me back my horns!’ and they will be returned you at once. You need have no occasion to be concerned in the least.”

The kind cock knew how difficult it was to ascend to heaven, so, reassured by the good security the millipede offered, he loaned his horns without hesitation, just twisting them right off his head. He also thought to himself that when the dragon returned from his visit to heaven, they could sit down and have a good conversation; he would ask the dragon to tell him how things were heaven, and if it really was beautiful there, as he had always heard. If it was true, he might consider going there himself someday, he thought.

THE RABBIT AND THE TURTLE

One day a rabbit and a turtle were talking. The rabbit said to the turtle, “You’re the slowest animal on earth. I don’t understand why you brother to move at all.

“May be I’m slow,” said the turtle, “But I think I can win a race with you.”

The rabbit laughed, “Fine,” she said. “I’ll see you at the finish line,” and she ran off.

It was a hot day and the rabbit began to feel a little sleepy. “I think I’ll take a little nap under this tree,” she thought. “If turtle passes me, it will be easy to run ahead of her later.”

The rabbit fell asleep. When she woke up it was dark. Suddenly she remembered the race. She got up and began run when she reached the finished line, the turtle was waiting for her.

“Well,” said turtle. “Guess I won.”

Taken from: In Good Company

CATNAPPING

Cats sleep about 2/3 of each day. Kittens, sick cats, and old cats sleep more than healthy adult cats, but all cats love to sleep at any time of the day or night. People usually sleep a single sessions of six to eight hours, but cats prefer to make many short sleep periods, because of this, we call the short naps that people take “catnaps”.

Many times cats adjust their sleeping schedule so that they are awake when their owners are home and want to play with them. When cats are alone and bored, they take naps.

Cats probably dream just a people do. Perhaps in the feature, scientists can discover what cats dream about. For now, we can only guess.

One thing is certain. Almost everyone loves to sleep, but cat are the sleep champions!

Taken from: In Good Company

WHITE LIES

Very often, newborn babies are not beautiful. They are wrinkled or bald, or they have an angry expression on their faces hate seems to stay, “go away! I hate everybody.” But parent, that bald, wrinkled, mean-faced baby is the most beautiful and perfect child in the world. When that proud father or mother asks you, “Well, what do you think- isn’t the beautiful?” what are you going to say? Is this the time for the truth? Of course not!

You look that proud father in the eye and say, “Yes, she is! He’s a real a real beauty. She’s one in a million. She’s going to be a movie star! I can tell! She’s as pretty as a picture.”

This is what we call in English a white lie. White lies don’t hurt people; they aren’t cruel or angry word. People use them to make a difficult situation a little easier. When people refuse dates, forget their homework, or taste something new that they don’t especially like while eating at a friend’s house, they tell a white lie. They are trying to be kind. They don’t want to hurt someone’s feelings. It is important to be honest, but many people feel that being kind and considerate is sometimes mere important.

Taken from: In Good Company

HOW THE SOCCER PLAYER IS PLAYED

The team that kicks off ahs its center forward and its inside right and inside left within the 10-yeard circle in the center of the field. Opponents may not move inside the circle until the center forward has kicked the ball a distance equal to the ball’s circumference (27 inches). He may not kick the ball twice in succession at the kick off. Usually he passes the ball to a teammate. Play is then continuous except for out-of-bounds, fouls, goals, and period endings. International matches are divided into halves, each 45 minutes long.

The game is a contest of maneuvers. Short passes along the ground may be combined with long crosses to the wings, or outside men. Sometimes a backward pass to a halfback or fullback will draw the defense out of passion.

GALILEO GALILEI

Galileo Galile was born in 1564 in the city of Pisa, Italy. About twenty years later he attended the University of Pisa. At the first, he wanted to become a doctor, but while he was there he became interested in Science and decided to became a scientist. In 1592, a year after his father’s death, the University of Padua invited him to be a professor of Mathematics. He stayed there for 19 years, where he became interested in the stars. He made an instrument which made far away things look larger and easier to examine. This way called the telescope. It could make things look thirty-two times as big as they looked the eye. Galileo could see many stars through his telescope and began to study the stars and other things in the sky.

SANITATION at HOME

People can do a lot about the conditions in which they live. They should refrigerate food properly when necessary and they should not leave food lying around because it may attract and rats. To avoid these pests, the proper care of garbage is also very important. Careful housekeeping is extremely important to situation and good health. People should keep all parts of house neat and clean. They should scrub bathrooms and kitchens often, and use disinfectants freely.

The fight against disease germs is not the only part of the sanitation official’s job. Modern scientific discoveries have brought new health problems. Some of these are the possible dangers of new drugs; the misuse of insect killers; harmful diet; air population especially by smoke from industrial factories and exhaust from automobiles; and population of rivers, streams, and sea shore areas with sewage and chemical wastes.

Sanitary conditions protect people from germs, but heath problems not caused by germs are a growing challenge in the field of sanitation today.

*sewage: the waste material and water carried under the ground

Taken from: New Book of Knowledge 

JIMMY AND HIS COMPOSITION ON POPULATION

“Children and grown-ups must do their best to keep the world clean,” Mr. Fox said his class. “Sometimes we see some rubbish in the streets and we must pick it up. Sometimes we eat some sweet and we must put the wrappings in the bin. We must all work together so there’s no rubbish in the world. Never throw plastic into the sea! There should be no oil in the sea. If we pour poison of oil is poison in rivers and seas into our rivers, some fish die. This is called population. This weekend, see if you can find some examples of population and write some sentences about it.” Jimmy looked worried when he went home.

One Monday, he handed in his composition. “Yesterday we had sardines for lunch. Mom opened the tin, but all the fish were dead because the tin was full of oil!”

Taken from: Legman English Grammar Practice   

MOUNT BROMO

Mount Bromo, together with mount Tegger and Mount Semeru, is one of the most beautiful place of interest in east java. Watching the sun rises from the crest of Mount Bromo is a very exiting experience for the tourists coming to this mountain. The reach the area, which is about 2392 m above sea level, people usually take a bus or a car as far as the village of Ngadisari from there, a Pony ride will take tourists to the rim of the mountain. It is an active volcano, and the people from surrounding areas bring various as a sacrifice to the fire god, Betoro Bromo. The legend goes as follows:

Hundreds of years ago, during reign of the last king Mjapahit, Brawijaya, one of the king’s wives gave bird to a girls, who was named Roro Anteng. Later this young Princess married Joko Seger, who came from a Brahman caste. Because of an unfortunate situation the couple was forced to leave the kingdom. They settled down in the mountain area. They ruled thae are and named it “Tengger,” which was derived from the couple’s names: Roro Anteng and Joko Seger.

YOUNG MEN ARE NOT STRONGER THAN OLD MEN

Some of Nasreddin’s  old friend were talking about the young people in their town. They all agreed that old people were wiser than young people. Then one of the old man said, “but young men are stronger than old men.” All of them agreed that was true, except Nasreddin.  He said, “No. I’m stronger now as when I was a young man.” “What d you mean?” said his friend. “How is that possible? Explain youurself!” well, said Nasreddin, “in one corner of my garden there is a big rock.  When I was a young man I always tried to move it, but couldn’t because I was not stronger enough. I am old man now, and I try to move it, I still cannot.”

Taken from: Intermediate stories for Reproduction

MY PYJAMAS

Professor Carter visited Mr. and Mrs. Crockett on the other side of town. After a good dinner and a game of the cards, he said, “I’m going to walk home now”. But Mrs. Crockett looked out of the window and said, “It’s raining outside. Please stay here tonight. “She went and prepared the guest room for him. After a few minutes, she came back to the living-room, but the professor was not there.

Mr. and Mrs. Crockett waited for more than 30 minutes, and then they started to go bed. But then somebody knocked at the back of the house. It was the professor. He was very wet. Mr. Crockett and his wife were very happy to see him. They said “you are here!”

“Yes,” the professor answered.  He smiled and added, “I went home and got my Pyjamas”.

 Taken from: introduction stories for reproduction.

BEETLE

Beetles are insects. They make up one of the biggest groups of insects. There are about 300, 000 kinds of beetles. They live everywhere except in the ocean. You can find beetles in the house, in the yard, in the forest, even in ponds.

Like all insects, beetles have six legs. They have two pair wings, but they use only the back pairs of wings for flying. The front wings re like tough shields. They protect the beetle’s body. Some beetle burrow underground. Some swim and dive.

Beetles come in all shapes and sizes. Some are long and thin, other are round. Some are brightly colored; others are dull brown or black. Some beetles are so small you can hardly see them, but the biggest beetles are as big as your hand.

Many beetles hunt other insects for food. Other beetles eat plants. Farmers dislike some beetles because they eat crops. However, many beetles are useful, like the ladybug. It eats harmful insect. Some beetles help clear way nature’s garbage. They eat dead plants and animals.

WHALES

Whales are sea living mammals.

They therefore breathe air but cannot survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30 m in length, is the largest animal to have live on earth.

Superficially, the whale look rather like fish, but there are important differences in its external structure; its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddle (the tail of fish is vertical) and it has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of fat (blubber). This is up  o 30 cm in thickness and serve to converse heat and body fluid. 

Taken from: English in context for grade X