Article

Article are used to clarify if a noun is specific or if a noun is not specific.
They are used before the nouns or adjective.

Article consist of:

• Indefinite Article 
• Definite Article 

indefinite Article

• A / AN are indefinite article. 
• A / An use with singular nouns . 
• it shows that the noun is general, not specific. 

Article A
A is used when the initial sound of the word is a consonant.
examples:

• A cat 
• A car 
• A pencil 

Article AN
An is used when the initial sound is a vowel.
examples:

• An apple 
• An egg 
• An umbrella 

Expection :

•  An hours 
• A university 

Definite article

• The is a definite article. 
• We use the with a singular or plural pronoun. 
• The shows that the noun is specific,not general. 

example :

 - The flower is very beautiful.
- She plays the piano 

The first time you speak of something use “ a or an “, the next time you repeat that object use “ the “.
For example ;

• I bought a comb and a pencil yesterday. The comb is black and the pencil is red. 

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

žDirect speech is a sentence who is spoken directly by a speaker .

žIndirect speech is when we report what speaker said indirectly .
Look at the example :
Direct  Speech : she said , “ I’m a teacher “.
Iindirect speech : she said that she was a teacher.
From the example :
a.SHe said, told : reporting verb ( introductory verb )
b.SHe was a teacher : reported verb ( the main verb which is reported )

Be careful when you use tell / told and say / said. Told always needs a direct object while saidalways needs an indirect object

“too” and “enough”

 TOO MEANS “ EXCESSIVE” (Berlebihan/ Terlalu)
Example :

• The exam is too difficult. Jim can't complete it. 

     Too difficult = It is impossible for Jim to complete the exam.

• Note : Remember that Too implies a negative result

ENOUGH MEANS  “SUFFICIENT” (cukup)

Example : 

• The exam is enough difficult. Jim can complete it 

Enough difficult = = it is difficult but possible for Jim to complete the exam.

• Note : Remember that Enough implies a positive result

Differences form of “too” and “enough”

Too + Adjactive 

Example :  Wira is too very busy 

Adjective + enough 

Example : Icha is pretty enough.

Too + adjective + infinitive
Example : We are too tired to go to the gym.

Enough + infinitive

Example:  He was sick enough to stay home from work today.

Too much/ many + noun
Example: There are too many apple on the table

Enough + noun
Example:  There was enough food for everybody at the party.

FRIED RICE

Ingredients

• 4 cups boiled rice 
• 6 medium eggs 
• 4 tbs. vegetable oil 
• 1/2 cup thin sliced ham 
• 1/2 cup shrimp, cooked and shelled 
• 2 tbs. soy sauce 
• 2 medium onions, sliced thin 
• 2 cloves garlic, minced 
• 2 hot red peppers, sliced thin (optional) 
• 1/4 cup chopped celery 
• 1/2 cup crisp fried onions (optional) 
• salt and pepper to taste

Directions

•  Beat the eggs and make 4 very thin omelets, roll and set aside for garnish, or make scrambled eggs and set aside. 
• Fry onion and garlic in 2 tbs. of vegetable oil for two minutes. 
• Add the ham, shrimp, chopped celery, soy sauce, salt and pepper and rice , then mix together on low heat for about 10 minutes until brown. 
• Thinly slice the rolled omelets to garnish with thin sliced red peppers, and fried onion flakes or if you have made scrambled eggs mix this in with the fried rice. 

HOW DO YOU FELL?

1.      Expressing regret

Expressing regret is being sorry or sad about something.

Some expression to express regret:

a.       Express regret about someone’s personal circumstance.

Examples:

·         I’m sorry to hear that

·         Oh, that’s too bad. I’m sorry to hear that

b.      Expressing regret about a minor accident or event.

Examples:

·         What a pity

·         What a shame

·         What a nuisance

c.       Expressing shock or regret about serious accident

Examples:

·         Goodness!

·         How awful!

·         How terrible!

·         How dreadful!

2.      Expressing apology

Some expressions to apologize to someone:

·         I’m sorry,

·         I’m very sorry,

·         I’m terribly sorry,

·         Excuse me,

·         Pardon me

·         I apologize,

·         I’m afraid it’s all my fault,

3.      Expression of asking and giving permission

We can use some expression below:

·         Can I speak to Arya?

·         Could I use your telephone?

·         Do you thing I couldn’t borrow your bicycle?

·         May I come in?

·         Can I some here?

Some expressions give permissions:

·         Certainly

·         Yes, of course

·         Yes, please do

·         Yes you may, if you like

Procedural text

—Procedural text is a kind of text which teaches on how to make something completely.
—The purpose is to help reader how to do or make something completely.

—Generic structure

1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3.  Steps/Methods

Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3.  Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
5. using conjunction 

The Procedure of Making Meatballs 

ingredients : 

1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)
2 eggs
300 grams of tapioca-flour
4-8 cloves of garlic
1 red onion
1 teaspoon of white pepper
2 teaspoons of salt

Steps :

1. First of all, mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer. 
2. Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat. 
3. After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth. 
4. Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters. 
5. Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs. 
6. Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve 

Procedures

Doing the right procedures is very important in nursing activities because they are dealing with other people’s living knowing how to express the appropriate  steps in nursing activity. 

Useful Expression 

Ø  First …

Pertama….

Ø  Second …

Kedua ….

Ø  Then …

Kemudian …..

Ø  Take the …

Ambil …

Ø  Insert …

Masukan …

Ø  After that …

Setelah itu …

Ø  Move …

Pindahkan …

Ø  Sneeze …

Bersin …

Ø  Make it …

Buat jadi …

Ø  Pull away …

Tarik ….

Ø  Press …

Tekan ….

Ø  Finally …

Akhirnya …

Nursing Instruction

  Useful Expressions

|  Sit down, please.

Duduklah.

|  Raise your arm, please.

Angkat tanganmu.

|  We would like to make the beds, please get up.

Kami ingin merapikan kasur anda, bagunlah.

|  Can you get u alone?

Dapatkah anda bangun sendiri?

|  Move your head, please.

Gerakakn kepala anda.

|  Could you stand up!

Berdirilah!

|  Now, lift your leg, please.

Sekarang, angkat kaki anda!

|  Would you bend your back, please.

Mohon bungkukkan punggung anda.

|  Lower your foot, please.

Turunkan kaki anda.

|  Would you mind opening your mouth?

Coba buka mulut anda?

|  All right, put out your tongue, please

Baiklah, julurkan lidah anda.

|  Now, say ah!

Sekarang, ucapkan ah!

|  Could you touch your toes?

Sentuhlah jari kaki anda?

|  Last but not least, would you mind wriggling your fingers.

Terakhir, gerakkan jari-jari anda.

|  Lie down, please.

Berbaringlah.

|  Roll your sleeve up, please.

Gulung lengan baju anda.

|  Hold your breath in, please.

Tahan nafas anda.

|  Keep your eyes shut, please

Tetaplah pejamkan mata nada. 

Admission

Useful Expression

|  Welcome, Mr. jhon.

Selamat datang tuan jhon.

|  I’ll show you your room, now.

Saya akan menunjukkan ruangan anda, sekarang.

|  I’d like to ask you some questions.

Saya ingin bertanya beberapa pertanyaan.

|  Have you ever been in a hospital?

apakah anda pernah dirawat di ruamah sakit?

|  When was the last time you were hospitalized?

Kapan terakhir kali dirawat di rumah sakit?

|  Have you had any operation?

Apakah anda pernah dioperasi.

|  Are you allergic to anything?

Apakah anda alergi terhadap sesuatu?

|  Do you use hearing aid?

Apakah anda menggunakan alat bantu pendengaran?

|  Dou you smoke? How many cigarettes in a day?

Apakah anda merokok? Berapa batang rokok dalam sehari?

|  Could you tell me about your illness?

Mohon ceritakan tentang penyakit anda?

|  What medicine have you taken at home?

Obat apa yang telah anda minum di rumah?

|  Do you want a religious service?

Apakah anda ingin pelayanan spiritual/agama?

Good Morning, Nurse

 Useful Expression For Nurse

|  Hello!Hello!

|  Good morning, Mr. Boby.

Selamat pagi tuan Boby.

|  How are you today Mrs. Roby.

Apa kabar anda hari ini Ny. Boby.

|  What is your complaint?

Apa keluhan anda

|  Have you taken your medicine?

Sudahkah anda minum obat?

|  Sleep well, Mr. Rahmat!

Selamat tidur tuan rahmat!

|  I hope you will get well soon.

Saya harap anda segera sembuh.

|  Can I ask you something?

Boleh saya bertanya sesuatu kepada anda?

|  Does it hurt here?

Apakah sakit disina?

|  How long you have you felt like this?

Sudah berapa lama anda merasakannya?

|  Let me examine you, Mrs. Brown.

Mari saya periksa, Ny. Brown.

|  Good bye, see you.

Selamat tinggal, sampai jumpa.

 Useful Expression for Patient

|  Good morning, nurse.

Selamat pagi suster.

|  I am fine, and you?

Saya baik-baik, dan bagaimana dengan kamu?

|  I am really unwell.

Saya merasa tidak eanak badan.

|  I feel like vomiting,

Rasanya saya ingin muntah.

|  Ouch! It’s very painful.

Aduh sakit sekali!

|  Please don’t be angry.

Mohon jangan marah.

|  You are very kind, nurse.

Anda sangat baik, suster.

|  I have got headache.

Saya sakit kepala.

|  Thank you, nurse.

Terima kasih suster.

WASHING HANDS

  How To Wash Your Hands 

washing hands is very important. because washing hands are the best way to stop germs from spreading. try to think about all of the things we touched today from the telephone, and all of things.
now, come on we wash our hands.

• Wet hands thoroughly all over. 
• Use approximately a dime sized squirt of liquid hand soap. 
• Lather and rub hands together for at least 20 second. 
• Be sure to wash well between fingers and under nails, although using a nail brush is not necessary.
• Rinse hands under running water.
• Turn off faucet with paper towels, then discard towels in garbage can. 
• Using two paper towels, dry hands completely.

Nurse

“To nurse” means “to feed a baby”  to give milk to a child or to take care of to look after the children. To nurse can also mean “to take care for a person during an illness. So a nurse is a person who looks after and feeds babies or young children or a person specially trained to look after sick people.

There are hospital nurses, Red Cross nurses, and nurses who work in an instruction where medical advice and examination may be given such as in clinic

Nowadays, there are people, either men or women, who take u nursing as career. The nursing profession is acknowledged after a certain period   of a special course where they learn medical knowledge and ere trained in taking care of children and the sick.

Hospital nurses are responsible to assist doctors in giving medical treatment to the patients such as measuring blood pressure, giving injection, preparing surgical instruments in operation and caring for patients, who get a serious illness, are in need of great care and full attention. The attendance of nurses in a hospital is essential. Never a single moment should a hospital be in the absence of nurse. And owing to this consideration, most hospitals have the policy of dividing nurses into two groups, doing their duty at different working hours. There are commonly called morning shift, substituting one another in caring for the patients.  

The Kidneys

There are two kidneys in the body, and they are situated on either side of the vertebral column between the thick muscles of the back and abdomen. Each kidney is approximately 10 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 4 cm thick. Each weighs about 140 gm.

The major function of the kidneys is to remove waste products from the body by producing urine. They contain about one million microscopic units called nephrons. Their function is to received and filters all the blood in the body. Once every twelve minutes they remove waste materials from the blood and return useful substances to the circulation. In the way, they enable the blood pressure remain constant.

The process of filtering the blood is as follows: first of all, blood enters the kidney from the renal artery and flows into the glomerulus, small knots of capillaries which act as filter. Fluid the passes into Bowman’s capsule, but the filter does not allow blood cells and large protein molecules to enter the capsule.

As the filtered fluid asses on, 80% of the water and sodium salt in it are removed and returned to the blood. The remaining liquid passes into collecting ducts, where water is again removed. The concentrated urine enters the renal pelvis and finally enters the bladder.

The skin

The entire body is covered by skin, which protects it from injury and bacteria and helps regulate body temperature. 

Skin consists of two main layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is composed of superficial layer which consists of dead cells, and inner layer which consists of living cells. 

The layer of skin below the epidermis is called the dermis. It consists of connective tissues which contain blood vessel, nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles.

The appendages of the skin include the hair and the nails. Each hair consists of a shaft and a root. The shaft is above the surface of the skin but the roof is below. The nails grow from nail beds which are also below surface of the skin.

Healthy Food

A well planned food intake can be your guarantee of all necessary nutrients for health, energy, growth. Everyone can be sure of all the known essentials if the day’s meals include a variety of food planned around “the basic four”. This is pattern, guided with extras added according to individual needs, can be a valuable lifelong guide.

Dairy products. This means mostly milk and cheese. One or more glasses of milk every day for adults and two or more for young people, for protein, calcium, vitamin, and carbohydrates. Some of this may be used in cooking. One ounce of cheese contains as much protein and calcium as two thirds of a glass of milk.

Protein products. Two serving every day for protein, also for iron and some vitamins. One serving should be meat, fish or poultry, and the other serving may be an egg, an ounce of cheese, or a small serving of meat, fish, or poultry.

Cereal products. Enriched bread and cereals or wholegrain products provide energy giving carbohydrates, and also may minerals, vitamins, and proteins. Three to four slices of bread are a good start, but quantities must be varied according to individual needs. One serving of breakfast: cereal, rice, or spaghetti, substitutes for one slice of bread. Vegetables and fruits in daily serving are necessary for the vitamins, minerals, and cellulose supplied by this food. One serving should be citrus (for vitamins C), and at least four times a week, there should be a dark green or yellow vegetable for vitamin A. you can be sure that you have good nutrition if you from good habits and follows “the basic four”.

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system can be divided into upper and lower respirator tracts. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and larynx. Tissues of the nasal and oral cavities and paranasal sinuses warm and moisten incoming air. The pharynx or throat is a muscular tube where the nasal and oral cavities open posteriorly. The epiglottis remains open during breathing, allowing air from the pharynx into the larynx. Air passing through the larynx enters the lower respiratory tract via the trachea. The trachea bifurcates, or splits, into the right and left bronchi. The bronchi enter the lung and continue to bifurcate into smaller segments. The smallest, terminal structures of the respiratory system are the alveolar sacs. The alveoli are tiny air sacs that allow for the re-oxygenation of the blood. 

The Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system consists of organs responsible for producing sex cell, receiving sperm from the male, and providing a site for fertilization and growth of the fetus during pregnancy. Ovaries are the primary sex organs. They are responsible for the production of sex cells called ova. The secondary sex organs include the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The fallopian tubes and uterus are important for fertilization, implantation, and development of the embryo. The vagina receives sperm during intercourse and functions as the birth canal during childbirth. Females also have mammary glands that secrete nourishment after a baby is born.

Menstrual cycle 

The menstrual cycle occur during reproductive period (from puberty through menopause in response to rhythmic variations of hormones). The endometrial lining of the uterus proliferates in preparation for implantation of the fertilized egg and in the absence of pregnancy is shed with some bleeding through the vagina.

Menopause 

Menopause is the gradual interruption and ending of the menstrual cycles associated with the depletion of oocytes in the ovary, and subsequence decline of estrogen levels occurring about 45 to 50 years of age.   

The Heart

The heart is below, muscular organ situated in the front of the chest, between the lungs. Approximately two thirds of its mess is situated to the left of the median plane.

The heart is surrounded by a double membrane which is called pericardium. It contains fluid which lubricates the heart. The heart is divided into a right half and a left half by a wall of tissue. Each half is divided again into an upper and lower comber, so that the heart consists of four chambers.

The upper chambers of the heart are called atria and the lower chambers are called ventricles. The right atrium and the right ventricle are connected by a valve, and so are the left atrium and left ventricle. Another valve is situated between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and a fourth between the left ventricle and the aorta. These are called the semilunar valve because they are shaped like crescent moons. 

Malaria

Malaria is infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes, and it is one of the commonest causes of sickness and death in the world. If an infected mosquito bites a person, minute parasites (protozoon) are injected into his bloodstream, where they multiply rapidly. As the parasites multiply, they destroy the red cells of the blood, and the victim suffers an attack are headache and anaemia.
If the disease is untreated, most patients will recover after a dozen attacks. But if there are complications, malaria may lead to death from the loss of blood cells and exhaustion from repeated infection.
There are many drugs for treating malaria, all of which are very effective. Quinine used to be the standard cure but now synthetic drugs, such as primaquine and choloroquin are used.
Malaria can be prevented. Firstly, if every case could be treated, mosquitoes could not be infected, and their bites would be harmless. Secondly, mosquitoes may be killed by insecticides.. Thirdly, a person who is exposed to the infection may protect himself by taking small doses of an anti-malaria drugs regularly.

EATING FOR ENERGY

Many professional sports terms have recently added a new member to their organization –a nutritionist. That’s because athletes have become aware that food affects performance. You don’t have to be an athlete to notice this effect. If you’ve ever skipped breakfast and then tired to clean the house, you know that you need food foe energy. Here are some tips about eating to increase your physical performance.

• Eat enough food. Your body needs a certain number of calories each day. If you’re too thin, you’ll often feel tired and you’ll be more likely to get sick. 
• Read the labels on food products. This information will tell you how nutritious the foods are. 
• Avoid eating foods that are high in simple carbohydrates, that is, sugars. A chocolate bar will fist give you energy, but then it will leave you feeling even more tired.
•  Eat a balance died, one that includes complex carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Use the food pyramid to help you decide how much to eat of each type of food. Complex carbohydrates provide the body with “fuel”. They are the found in fruits and vegetables, and in bread, rice, pasta, and other foods made from grains. The body uses. Protein to build muscles, and it uses fat to absorb the vitamins in food. Protein and fat are found in foods like milk, cheese, meat, fish, and eggs. Too much fat, however, can be harmful.